Harrier Jump Jet
The Harrier, informally referred to as the Jump Jet, is a family of British-designed military jet aircraft capable of vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) operations. The Harrier family is the only truly successful design of this type from the many that arose in the 1960s.
There are four main versions of the Harrier family: Hawker Siddeley Harrier, British Aerospace Sea Harrier, Boeing/BAE Systems AV-8B Harrier II, and BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II. The Hawker Siddeley Harrier is the first generation-version and is also known as the AV-8A Harrier. The Sea Harrier is a naval strike/air defence fighter. The AV-8B and BAE Harrier II are the US and British variants respectively of the second generation Harrier aircraft.
Historically the Harrier was developed to operate from ad-hoc facilities such as car parks or forest clearings, avoiding the need for large air bases vulnerable to tactical nuclear weapons. Later the design was adapted for use from aircraft carriers.
Development
Background
Following an approach by the Bristol Engine Company in 1957 that they were planning a directed thrust engine, Hawker Aircraft came up with a design for an aeroplane that could meet the NATO specification for a "Light Tactical Support Fighter". There was no financial support for the development from HM Treasury, but aid was found through the Mutual Weapon Development Project (MWDP) of NATO.
The P.1127 was ordered as a prototype and flew in 1960. NATO developed a specification (NBMR-3) for a VTOL aircraft, but one that was expected to have the performance of an aircraft like the F-4 Phantom II. Hawker drafted a supersonic version of the P.1127, the P.1150, and also the Hawker P.1154 which would meet NBMR-3. The latter was a winner of the NATO competition and development continued, initially for both services, until cancelled, by the new government on cost grounds, at the point of prototype construction in 1965.
Work on the P.1127 continued with 9 evaluation aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel, ordered. These started flying in 1964 and were assessed by the "Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron" which consisted of British, US and German pilots. With the cancellation of the P.1154, the RAF ordered a modified P.1127/Kestrel as the Harrier GR.1 in 1966.
First-generation Harriers
The Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR.1/GR.3 and the AV-8A Harrier were the first generation of the Harrier series, the first operational close-support and reconnaissance attack aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities. These were developed directly from the Hawker P.1127 prototype and the Kestrel evaluation aircraft.
The British Aerospace Sea Harrier is a naval V/STOL jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft, a development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The first version entered service with the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm in April 1980 as the Sea Harrier FRS.1, and was informally known as the Shar. The upgraded Sea Harrier FA2 entered service in 1993. It was withdrawn from Royal Navy service in March 2006. The Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51 is in active service with the Indian Navy, which operates the jet from its aircraft carrier INS Viraat.
Second-generation Harriers
The Harrier was extensively redeveloped by McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace (now parts of Boeing and BAE Systems respectively), leading to the Boeing/BAE Systems AV-8B Harrier II.[2] This is a family of second-generation V/STOL jet multi-role aircraft, including the British Aerospace-built Harrier GR5/GR7/GR9, which entered service in the mid-1980s. The AV-8B is primarily used for light attack or multi-role tasks, typically operated from small aircraft carriers. Versions are used by several NATO countries, including Spain, Italy, and the United States. The BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II is a modified version of the AV-8B Harrier II that was used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Navy until 2010.
Between 1969 and 2003, 824 Harrier variants were delivered. While manufacture of new Harriers concluded in 1997, the last remanufactured aircraft (Harrier II Plus configuration) was delivered in December 2003 which ended the Harrier production line.[3]
Operation
The Harrier Jump Jet, capable of taking off vertically, can only do so at less than its maximum weight. In most cases the aircraft does a short take off where it gains forward speed and thus aerodynamic lift, saving fuel.
On aircraft carriers a ramp is frequently employed at the end of the carrier which allows the aircraft to accelerate along the carrier and then use a lower amount of fuel to take to the air.
Landings are also typically performed very differently. Although a conventional landing is possible, the range of speeds that this can be done over is narrow (due to relatively vulnerable outrigger undercarriage). Operationally the aircraft therefore usually does a near vertical landing with some forward speed.
Replacement
As of late 2010[update], the F-35B STOVL variant of the F-35 Lightning II (formerly the Joint Strike Fighter) is intended to replace the AV-8B Harrier II in service with the US Marine Corps[4] and the Italian Navy[5] from 2014 onwards. The RAF and Royal Navy are scheduled to introduce the CATOBAR F-35C variant around 2020, after retiring their Harriers in 2011.[6] In December 2010 the RAF's Harrier IIs made their last operational flights.[7] In June 2011, the MoD denied press reports that the aircraft are to be sold to the US Marine Corps for spares to support their AV-8B fleet, but options for disposal are still being considered.[8][9] At the end of November 2011, Defence Minister Peter Luff announced the sale of the final 72 Harrier Aircraft Frames to the US Marine Corps.[10] As many as possible of the 72 Harrier GR9s will be converted to match AV-8B Night Attack configuration to augment the total AV-8B end strength (this will allow the USMC to retire some high-flight-hour F/A-18D aircraft), while the remaining aircraft will be used as spare parts sources for the airworthy fleet.
Variants
- Hawker P.1127
- (1960)
- Kestrel FGA.1
- (1964)
- Harrier GR.1/1A/3/3A
- (from 1966)
- Harrier T.2/2A/4/4A/8/52/60
- (from 1970)
- AV-8A/C/S Harrier Mk.50/53/55/Matador
- TAV-8A/S Harrier Mk.54/Matador
- Sea Harrier FRS.1/FRS.51/F(A).2
- (from 1978)
- AV-8B Harrier II/EAV-8B Matador II/AV-8B Harrier II Night Attack/AV-8B Harrier II Plus
- (from 1983)
- TAV-8B Harrier II/ETAV-8B Matador II/
- Harrier GR.5/5A/7/7A/9/9A
- (from 1985)
- Harrier T.10/12
Operators
- India
- Italy
- Spain
- Thailand
- United Kingdom
- United States
Specifications
|
Kestrel FGA.1 |
Harrier GR3/AV-8A |
Sea Harrier FA2 |
Harrier GR9 |
AV-8B+ Harrier |
Crew |
One (Two for trainer versions) |
Length |
42 ft 6 in (13.0 m) |
47 ft 2 in (14.4 m) |
46 ft 6 in (14.2 m) |
46 ft 4 in (14.1 m) |
47 ft 8 in (14.5 m) |
Wingspan |
22 ft 11 in (6.99 m) |
25 ft 3 in (7.70 m) |
25 ft 3 in (7.70 m) |
30 ft 4 in (9.25 m) |
30 ft 4 in (9.25 m) |
Height |
10 ft 9 in (3.28 m) |
11 ft 4 in (3.45 m) |
12 ft 4 in (3.76 m) |
11 ft 8 in (3.56 m) |
11 ft 8 in (3.56 m) |
Empty Weight |
10,000 lb (4,540 kg) |
12,200 lb (5,530 kg) |
14,052 lb (6,370 kg) |
12,500 lb (5,670 kg)? |
13,968 lb (6,340 kg) |
Maximum take-off weight
(short takeoff) |
17,000 lb (7,710 kg) |
26,000 lb (11,800 kg) |
26,200 lb (11,900 kg) |
31,000 lb (14,100 kg) |
31,000 lb (14,100 kg) |
Max speed |
545 mph (877 km/h) |
731 mph (1,180 km/h) |
735 mph (1,180 km/h) |
662 mph (1,070 km/h) |
662 mph (1,070 km/h) |
Combat radius |
|
200 nmi (370 km) |
|
300 nmi (556 km) |
300 nmi (556 km) |
Engine |
Pegasus 6 |
Pegasus 11 Mk 101 |
Pegasus 11 Mk 106 |
Pegasus 11 Mk 107 |
Pegasus 11 Mk 105 |
Thrust |
15,000 lbf (66.7 kN) |
21,800 lbf (97.0 kN) |
21,800 lbf (97.0 kN) |
24,750 lbf (110 kN) |
23,500 lbf (105 kN) |
Radar |
None |
None |
Blue Fox / Blue Vixen |
None |
AN/APG-65 |
- Sources: Norden[11]
See also
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Royal Air Force portal |
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Aviation portal |
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Royal Navy portal |
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British aircraft since World War II portal |
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Aviation portal |
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United States Marine Corps portal |
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Aviation portal |
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Royal Air Force portal |
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Royal Navy portal |
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Aviation portal |
- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Related lists
References
- Notes
- Citations
- ^ "Harrier Production." Harrier.org.uk. Retrieved: 21 July 2011.
- ^ Norden, Lon O. Harrier II, Validating V/STOL. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59114-536-8.
- ^ "Harrier Projects." airforce-technology.com. Retrieved: 21 July 2011.
- ^ "F-35 Lightning II Program Update & Fast Facts." lockheedmartin.com. Retrieved: 26 August 2010.
- ^ "Parliament Act on JSF Program." documenti.camera.it. Retrieved: 29 March 2010.
- ^ "Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review." HM Government, 19 October 2010. Retrieved: 19 October 2010.
- ^ "Harrier jump jets make final flight from RAF Cottesmore". BBC News,
- ^ "Harrier jump-jets sold 'for peanuts'." The Telegraph, 15 June 2011.
- ^ "MoD denies sale of Harriers to US." DMJ, 15 June 2011.
- ^ "UK sells 72 retired Harrier jump jets for $180m to US." BBC News, 24 November 2011.
- ^ Norden 2006, Appendix C.
- Bibliography
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- Eden, Paul, ed. The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London, UK: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
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- Grove, Eric J (1987). Vanguard to Trident; British Naval Policy since World War II. The Bodley Head. ISBN 0-370-31021-7.
- Gunston, Bill and Mike Spick (1983). Modern Air Combat: The Aircraft, Tactics and Weapons Employed in Aerial Warfare Today. New York: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-51741-265-9.
- Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003). The Iraq War: strategy, tactics, and military lessons. Washington, D.C.: Centre for Strategic and International Studies. ISBN 0-89206-432-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=7cU8Kpzu9osC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Iraq+War:+strategy,+tactics,+and+military+lessons.&hl=en&ei=bbQ8TqOZMc74mAWHhYnwBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Epstein, David G. (2006). Making and Doing Deals: Contracts in Context (second edition). Newark, New Jersey: LexisNexis. ISBN 0-8205-7044-3.
- Evans, Andy (1998). BAE / McDonnell Douglas Harrier. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-105-5.
- Grove, Eric (1990). The Future of Sea Power. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-4150-0482-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=qM4OAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Future+of+Sea+Power&hl=en&ei=u7Q8Tp21CuKdmQX4teH3Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Jackson, Robert (1987). NATO air power. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 0-9063-9380-9.
- Lambert, Mark (1993). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-1066-1.
- Polmar, Norman (2005). The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-685-2. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Taylor, John W. R. (1988). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.
- Wilson, Stewart. BAe/McDonnell Douglas Harrier. Airlife, 2000. ISBN 1-84037-218-4.
- Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. London: Aerospace Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.
- Ashley, Stephen (October 1988). "Jump Jet". Popular Science 233 (4): 56–59, 112, 114. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JAZt49uUiuIC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=&source=bl&ots=OH3hhJ1PcM&sig=sk1sxJxDVC5GQHQJJU3H_975pmk&hl=en&ei=ndzLTfjIJsGHhQfz3IipAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage.
- Walker, Karen (19 July 1986). "V/STOL Comes of Age". Flight International: 23–25. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%201660.html. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- Bishop, Chris and Chris Chant. Aircraft Carriers. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA: Zenith Imprint, 2004. ISBN 0-760-32005-5.
- Braybrook, Roy. Battle for the Falklands: Air Forces. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1982. ISBN 0-85045-493-X.
- Brown, Kevin. "The Plane That Makes Airfields Obsolete." Popular Mechanics, 133(6), June 1970, pp. 80–83.
- Bull, Stephen. Encyclopedia of Military Rechnology and Innovation. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-573-56557-1.
- Burr, Lawrence and Peter Bull. US Fast Battleships 1938–91: The Iowa Class. New York, USA: Osprey Publishing, 2010. ISBN 1-84603-511-2.
- Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Jet Fighters Since 1950. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85780-095-8.
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- Cowan, Charles W. (ed.) Flypast 2. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1972. ISBN 0-85383-191-2.
- Davies, Peter and Anthony M. Thornborough. The Harrier Story. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1997. ISBN 978-1557503572.
- Ellis, Ken. Wrecks & Relics, 21st edition. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0859791342.
- Evans, Andy. BAe/McDonald Douglas Harrier. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press, 1998. ISBN 1-86126-105-5.
- Farley, John. A View from the Hover: My Life in Aviation. Bath, UK: Seager Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9532752-5-0.
- Freedman, Lawrence. The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Volume II: War and Diplomacy. London, UK: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 978-0415419116.
- Friedman, Norman. U.S. Aircraft Carriers: an Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1983. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
- Gunston, W. T. "Pegasus updating prospects". Flight International, 22 January 1977, pp. 189–191.
- Hannah, Donald. Hawker FlyPast Reference Library. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-946219-01-X.
- Jackson, Paul. "British Aerospace/McDonnell Douglas Harrier". World Air Power Journal, Volume 6, Summer 1991. pp. 46–105.
- James, Derek N. Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. ISBN 0-668-02699-5. (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972)
- Jefford, C.G., ed. The RAF Harrier Story. London: Royal Air Force Historical Society, 2006. ISBN 0-9530345-2-6.
- Jenkins, Dennis R. Boeing / BAe Harrier. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1998. ISBN 1-58007-014-0.
- Layman, R D and Stephen McLaughlin. The Hybrid Warship. London: Conway, 1991. ISBN 0 85177 555 1.
- Markman, Steve and Bill Holder. Straight Up: A History of Vertical Flight. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7643-1204-9.
- Mason, Francis K. Harrier. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, Third edition, 1986. ISBN 0-85059-801-X.
- Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1991. ISBN 0-85177-839-9
- Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam Publishing, 1971. ISBN 0-370-00068-8.
- Miller, David M. O. and Chris Miller. "Modern Naval Combat". Crescent Books, 1986. ISBN 0-51761-350-6.
- Moxton, Julian. "Supersonic Harrier: One Step Closer". Flight International, 4 December 1982, pp. 1633–1635.
- Spick, Mike and Bill Gunston. The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4.
- Sturtivant, Ray. Fleet Air Arm Fixed-Wing Aircraft since 1946. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 2004. ISBN 0-85130-283.
- Sturtivant, Ray. RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 2007. ISBN 0-85130-365-X.
- Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. Putnam Aeronautical, 1990. ISBN 0-87021-792-5.
- Vann, Frank. Harrier Jump Jet. New York, USA: Bdd Promotional Book Co, 1990. ISBN 0-79245-140-6.
Further reading
- Farley, John OBE. A View From The Hover: My Life In Aviation. Bath, UK: Seager Publishing/Flyer Books, 2010, first edition 2008. ISBN 978-0953275205.
- Polmar, Norman and Dana Bell. One Hundred Years of World Military Aircraft. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 2003. ISBN 1-59114-686-0.
External links
United States tri-service STOL and VTOL aircraft designations post-1962
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Harrier Jump Jet family and related aircraft
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Predecessors |
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1st Generation |
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2nd Generation |
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United States tri-service attack aircraft designations post–1962
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Main sequence |
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Non-sequential designations |
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V/STOL sequence |
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General |
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Military |
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Accidents/incidents |
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